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Tiflis stamp
Viktor Gitin
This is the 2nd edition of a book about the history of the postal service in the Caucasus and the issue of the first rare postage stamp on the territory of the Russian Empire and Georgia in 1857. There are only a few copies of the Tiflis stamp. It is one of the rarest and most expensive stamps on the planet. The book will be useful to everyone who is interested in the history of Russia, Georgia, the Caucasus, collectors, philatelists.
Tiflis stamp
Viktor Gitin
© Viktor Gitin, 2021
ISBNВ 978-5-0055-9055-8
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
Tiflis stamp is an amazing journey of the extraordinary mark through the time, the country and people’s lives
What this book is about
The people’s fates are sometimes formed very surprisingly and even fantastically. The history of countries and peoples develops even in a more complicated and contradictory manner. And in this circulation of events, the small objects around us, sometimes become the most vivid reflection of the changes occurring in the world and in time.
Modest miniature – a postage stamp is the best confirmation of this idea. Each stamp is a reflection of the time and the state where it was born; of the events that preceded its appearance. A postage stamp is a witness of history, culture and life of countries and peoples. It is the connection of the past, present and future. A postage stamp is a small piece of the epoch, captured in a modest picture on the paper.
At postage stamps, just like among people, there are their ordinary toilers and beautiful princesses. It happened so since the first miniature was born in 1840. The toilers, pasted on envelopes and packages, daily and hourly serve the people. They silently help carry the news and documents over cities and countries. They provide us with proper and regular communication and help in our affairs. Stamps-princesses are unusual and very rare. They have an interesting and sometimes incredible destiny. Such stamps are called legends, rarities, unicums. They are in a special account. They have their own names. They are known around the globe, regardless of where they have appeared. The life of such stamps is studied and described in books and articles. They are carefully stored in the world’s most famous collections.
Any collector-philatelist knows such names as the “Penny Black”, “British Guiana 1¢ magenta”, “Mauritius “Post Office”, “Treskilling Yellow”, “Inverted Swan”, “Twelve Penny Black”, “Sachsen 3 Pfennige red” and “Hawaiian Missionaries”… These postage stamps appeared in different countries at different times. But they all have an amazing story.
There are its own unique stamps inВ Russia too. AВ special place is occupied byВ Tiflis city post stamp ofВ 1857.
Tiflis stamp (as it is already well established) was born on June 20, 1857. It happened six months earlier before the first nation-wide stamp ofВ the Russian Empire appeared. Its birth was due toВ the serious reforms that took place inВ Russia and inВ the Transcaucasia. Therefore, the fate ofВ the stamp, as well as the fate ofВ the Caucasus region, has been complicated and even dramatic. It so happened that the history ofВ two countries, Russia and Georgia, has intertwined inВ this stamp.
The birth ofВ the stamp is connected with the names ofВ many famous people ofВ that time. Later Tiflis stamp has been undeservedly forgotten. It has been nearly lost inВ the vortex ofВ revolutions and wars. Then it traveled over countries and continents. It is associated with unusual and sometimes detective and adventure events. And still it remained alive and survived toВ this day inВ several copies. And now the stamp ofВ Tiflis city post with good reason takes its rightful place inВ the history ofВ not only Russian and Georgian philately but also among the most outstanding exhibits ofВ world postal services. It is among the ten rarest and most expensive stamps inВ the world. Many collectors ofВ the planet dream aboutВ it.
This is what we have tried toВ tell you about inВ this book.
We have made an attempt toВ bring together the materials about Tiflis stamp published inВ different years. We have used the articles ofВ such authors as K.K.Schmidt, S. Kuzovkin, N.I.Nosilov, B.A.Kaminsky, A.Vigilev, V.Pritula, A. Kolesnikov, G.Andrieshin, E.Sashenkov and others. The book brings together the documents ofВ various years. InВ addition, there was added the information about people related toВ the fate ofВ the stamp, an administrative reorganization ofВ the Caucasus inВ the XIX century and the Heraldry ofВ Georgia. These are the articles of O.Revo, G.M.Zapalsky, S.O.Mustafaeva, V.M.Mukhanova, V.Saprykova, T.Belousova, L.Tretyakova, K.Saksa and others.
Any outstanding world philatelic rarity usually has a name. For the first time in 1929 S. Kuzovkin called the stamp of Tiflis city post the Tiflis Unica. The name stuck, and then was often repeated in subsequent publications. Therefore, in Russia this stamp is often known by the name – Tiflis Unica. But now when the fifth copy of the stamp was found in the vault of the National Postal Museum at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC in the collection of G.H.Kestlin, it is not quite right to continue to call the stamp Unica. Therefore, in this book we will use the term – Tiflis stamp.
And so – this book is about the amazing object, legend and rarity. This book is about the stamp, which Russia and Georgia can be proud of. It is about the stamp, which has been in the most famous and prominent collections in the world. It is about the stamp, which is now estimated at millions of US dollars.
This book is about Tiflis stamp and unusual destinies ofВ famous people, who at different times came into contact withВ it.
The author.
ChapterВ 1. Caucasian vicegerency
The administrative-territorial system
At the beginning ofВ the nineteenth century inВ the South Caucasus the interests ofВ the tree neighboring countries Persia (Iran), Russia and Turkey came into collision. The wars toВ possess these lands had been going on for aВ century and led toВ great changes inВ historical and political geography ofВ the region. At the beginning ofВ the nineteenth century, the following lands existed inВ the South Caucasus:
– Khanates: Derbent, Baku Sheki, Shemakha, Talysh, Ganja, Karabakh, Nakhichevan, Erivan;
– Kingdom of Imereti;
– Principalities: Mingrelian, Abkhazian, Gurian;
– Akhaltsikhe pashalik and others.
Having conquered these territories, Russian government made aВ lot ofВ administrative redistributions. The management ofВ Caucasus was constantly changed inВ accordance with the Russian Empire management. The lands ofВ khanates, sultanates and melikdoms were turned into administrative units, led byВ the military commandant from the Russian officers.
Failures inВ economic policy, as well as the national mutinies ofВ 30s forced the tsarist government toВ make changes inВ its colonial policy. On January 1, 1841, under the new law commandant management system was liquidated inВ the Caucasus. Transcaucasian region (with the exception ofВ Abkhazia, Mingrelia and Svaneti) is administratively divided into two parts: the western part called the Georgia-Imereti province and the eastern, which called the name ofВ Caspian region.
InВ 1844, at the Caucasus territories, which entered inВ the Russian Empire (including Georgian province, Armenian region, the Caspian region) the Caucasian vicegerency was established with the center inВ Tiflis. It included one province and two regions:
– Georgian-Imereti province (Tiflis) – later transformed into the Tiflis province;
– Armenian region (Erivan) – was transformed into the Erivan province June 9, 1849.
– The Caspian region (Shamakhi) – was transformed into Derbent (Derbent) and Shemakha province in 1846. On May 30, 1860, Derbent Province was abolished and Dagestan region (Derbent) and Jaro-Belokan (Zakatala) District were established. Shamakhi province was renamed into Baku province on December 2, 1859.
After the establishment ofВ the vicegerency at the vicegerent, the graph M.S.Vorontsov, another administrative reform ofВ the region was performed. The project toВ reorganize the Region submitted byВ him was approved byВ the decree ofВ the Russian Emperor on December 14, 1846. According toВ this law, all the South Caucasus was divided into four provinces: Kutaisi, Tiflis, Shamakhy and Derbent. InВ 1847, Derbent Province together with Tarkovsky and Shamkhalate Mehtulinsky Khanate formed aВ special administrative area called Caspian region. According toВ the document ofВ 1855В Caspian region consisted ofВ two parts: Derbent Province and the lands ofВ Northern and Upland Dagestan.В [1]
These administrative reforms aimed toВ strengthen the royal power inВ the Caucasus. InВ 1849В Erivan province was established. [2] Erivan province was formed from the parts ofВ the Tiflis and Shamakhi provinces. The lands, lying on the southern slope ofВ the Caucasus, from the Surami ridge toВ the Black Sea, were included into Kutaisi Governorate-General aВ few months after the end ofВ the Crimean War (August 16, 1856). Apart from Kutaisi province such autonomous possessions as Abkhazia, Samurzakan, Tsebelda, Svanetia and Mingrelia were included inВ the Kutaisi governorate-general.
Caucasus vicegerency is aВ special body ofВ administrative and territorial management inВ the Russian Empire. It was headed byВ the governor, who was appointed personally byВ the Russian emperor. The vicegerent reported only toВ the tsar and carried out full civil authority (other than the legislative). At the same time, he was aВ major military rank inВ the region. The Head ofВ the vicegerency, the vicegerent ofВ His Majesty inВ the Caucasus, possessed practically unlimited powers. He had the right toВ solve all the problems, which did not require publication ofВ new laws.
The map ofВ the Caucasus ofВ K. Koch, 1850.
He owned all rights to appoint the people, to displace and dismiss the officials and their responsibilities, to assign ranks, to reward, to grant their pensions (with the exception of officials of the State Control, the State Bank and the judiciary). Under the extreme circumstances, he could revoke the decision of the provincial and regional officials of the Caucasus region, that is, he supervised the governors, governors-general (both military and civilian). There was a consultative body at the vicegerent – the Board. It included two specially appointed by the Emperor individuals – representatives of the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Home Affairs. In addition to them there were the Chief Executive on land management and agriculture, senior chairman of the Tiflis Court of Justice and the Director of the vicegerent’s Office on the Board.
Caucasian vicegerent, vested with extensive powers, was the representative ofВ the supreme state power on the territories ofВ the region and coordinated the activities ofВ Russian ministries and departments, and partially performed the functions ofВ the judiciary.В [3]
It was this high status ofВ the vicegerent that allowed establishing aВ separate issue ofВ post stamps without the approval ofВ this decision inВ the capital ofВ the empire. The vicegerent was aВ competent deputy ofВ Russian Emperor inВ the Caucasus and obeyed only toВ him.
The main legal documents determining the activity of the Caucasian vicegerent, were: “Highly approved the rules on the relationship of the Caucasian vicegerent dated January 6, 1846”, “Imperial rescript, issued to the name of Adjutant General Count Vorontsov “On strengthening the rights of the chief superintendent over the civil part of the Caucasus” from January 30, 1845” and “On introduction of all the cases of the Transcaucasian region and the Caucasian region into the Caucasian Committee” from July 23, 1845.” [4,5,6]
Only those officials, who enjoyed the full personal confidence of Russian emperor, could be appointed to the position of the vicegerent. Therefore, Tsar Nicholas I appointed the graph M.S.Vorontsov the vicegerent of the Caucasus and the Commander-in-chief of a separate Caucasian Corps by the decree of November 17, 1844. Novorossiysk and Bessarabian Governorate-Generals were under his command too. The rescript of the appointment said: “I consider it necessary to choose a performer of my indispensable will the person, who will get all my unlimited trust and who will combine renowned military prowess with the experience of civil cases, which are very important…”
The vicegerent was awarded the power and the authorities of the Minister in relation to all branches of management in the region. The cases which exceed ministerial authority were settled by him himself, reporting them to the emperor, or they were brought to the Office of the Transcaucasian Region Committee. The cases on the rewards of the officials and the reports were presented directly to the emperor. Vicegerent Vorontsov asked for the impact of the Ministers on the cases of the region to be discontinued. Just the influence of the Minister of Finance on the cases “of audit and control of any accountability” was recognized.
The power of the vicegerent on the territory entrusted to him was much more comprehensive than the governor-general’s. By the end of 1846 the control management was established. It included the Council and the Office of the vicegerent. The Council consisted of the officials and the governors appointed by the Emperor. He carried out the oversight functions over the entire management and the court in the Region. The vicegerent of the Caucasus supervised the chiefs of gendarmerie and railways. Military governors governed military institutions as well as the civil ones. The Headquarters of the vicegerent performed the general guidance. Later there appeared the Expedition of State Property on the Rights of the ministerial department.
By 1859, the Headquarters of the vicegerent consisted of the five original “ministerial departments”: the department of general affairs (which was in charge of the personnel, post offices, construction, healthcare and educational affairs), judicial, financial, state property and control department. There was even a special diplomatic Chancellery.
Since 1867В the vicegerent ofВ the Caucasus was given even more extensive rights and powers, both inВ staffing the vicegerency and inВ managing the Region. Since that time Supreme supervision over the management ofВ the Caucasus and the Transcaucasian region has been concentrated inВ the General Directorate established at the vicegerent, headed byВ aВ Chief. All the institutions included inВ it reported directly toВ him.
InВ 1883В governorate-general inВ the Caucasus was canceled and restored again February 26, 1905. It lasted until March 1917.В [7]
V.F.Timm. The palace ofВ the Vicegerent inВ the Caucasus at Golovin Avenue inВ Tiflis, 1830.
Prince A. I. Baryatinsky – a vicegerent and a personality
InВ 1856, the vicegerent ofВ the Caucasus was appointed Prince Aleksander Ivanovich Baryatinsky. He continued and developed the reforms, begun byВ his predecessor graph Mikhail Vorontsov. Large-scale reforms ofВ the postal service inВ the Caucasus and the release ofВ the Tiflis stamp are associated with aВ name ofВ Baryatinsky. The personality ofВ the Vicegerent-Prince had special significance for these transformations.
It was an amazing man. Historically, he had very close relations with the Emperor Alexander II. Partly due to this relationship Baryatinsky could introduce his reforms and innovations in the Caucasus. A special place of the count at the imperial court, and his unusual nature allows you to answer the question – why the first stamp on the territory of the Russian empire appeared in Tiflis. He was an extraordinary man, capable not only of military deeds, but also of determined actions in relation to the royal power itself.
The painter M.A. Boleslavsky. Prince Alexander Baryatinsky inВ his young years
Prince Alexander Baryatinsky was of noble-birth, Riurikid in the fifteenth generation. He was born and grew up in an atmosphere of unprecedented luxury. Only very few people in Russia owned the fortune, which his father bequeathed to him. His father, Prince Ivan Baryatinsky, died when Alexander was 10 years old. At age 14, his mother – Maria Baryatinsky, took the teenager with her second son Vladimir to Moscow to “master the sciences.” But two years later, Alexander desired to join the military.
In June 1831, he moved to St. Petersburg, and he was admitted to the school of guard sergeants and cavalry cadets with further enrollment to the Chevalier Guards. There he immediately showed indiscipline and restlessness. The result was the “weak success in the sciences.” Negligence in the studies passed into negligence in the service. The disciplinary regiment book had many entries about his penalties for “the pranks” of all kinds. As a result, the young Alexander Baryatinsky got his fame as a reveller, a playboy, a participant of binge-drinking parties and scandals. His mother generously provided her son with financial help. But this money was often not enough to pay his gambling debts. Once a future famous Russian poet Alexander Pushkin and his friend Sergei Sobolewsky helped Baryatinsky to get out of such debt.
Tsar Nicholas I had heard about the unauthorized behavior of the young Prince, about his amorous adventures. Moreover, it became known about a love affair of Prince Alexander Baryatinsky with the emperor’s daughter – Grand Princess Olga Nikolaevna. Nicholas I was personally convinced that the relationship between them went beyond it was permitted. So, he sent the young Prince Baryatinsky away to the Caucasus.
In the spring of 1835 20-year-old Alexander Baryatinsky holding the rank of cornet of the Imperial Guard Cuirassier Tsarevitch Regiment, arrived in the area of military operations. There was a different life there. There was a war in the Caucasus, and it was impossible to hide behind the noble family or great wealth. Baryatinsky had to quickly forget about the capital pampering and idle talk. It was with youthful courage that Prince threw himself into the hottest battles. During the clashes with the mountaineers, he repeatedly received perforating gunshot wounds. His comrades-in-arms used to say that “Prince Baryatinsky’s belly was like a sieve.” His courage, endurance, and the ability to endure pain amazed a lot of people.
After he had received a heavy rifle bullet wound in his right side, Baryatinsky returned to St. Petersburg. He came to the capital from the Caucasus holding the rank of lieutenant; he was awarded by the honorary for the Russian Officers Golden Arms “for Bravery”. In 1836, after he had received the course of treatment, he was appointed to stay at His Majesty Successor Tsarevitch. Three years spent by him traveling with the heir over Western Europe, made them very close and initiated their long-lasting friendship with the future emperor Alexander II.
InВ March 1845, Alexander Baryatinsky, the owner ofВ the magnificent estate ofВ Marino and huge ancestral treasures, aВ handsome hero ofВ the Caucasian War, who became the adjutant ofВ His Imperial Highness inВ 1839, left the capital and came back toВ the Caucasus. That time he had the rank ofВ colonel.
In February 1847 he was appointed the commander of the same Kabardinsky regiment, where he felt very much at home due to the years he spent there fighting at war. There he was promoted to the rank of Fugel-adjutant, and in June 1848, when Prince displayed his courage and bravery at the Battle of Gergebil, he became a Major-General with enrollment in the retinue of His Imperial Majesty. At the same time, the Emperor Nicholas I unexpectedly decided to “load young Prince with favors”. The tsar had personally chosen him a bride from the Stolypin’s family and thought of a plan to marry them. According to Nicholas I, it was hard to find a better husband for the maid of honor. In this case a fabulous wealth of the Prince was of great importance.
But the marriage was not in the plans of Alexander Baryatinsky. For a while, he managed to evade the will of the emperor. But when the tsar’s wrath became extremely strong, the Prince made a step quite incredible for that time. Being the elder son, he was supposed to inherit the wealth from his father which he refused in favor of his younger brother. So, in an instant the richest man in Russia had turned into an ordinary soldier, living on the state salary. Nobody was happy with the poor bridegroom – neither Nicholas I, not the bride. The wedding was canceled. The Prince, himself was inwardly proud of his deed, and in a moment of candor once told a friend: “I have not succumbed to the emperor himself. And what an emperor!…”
However, it was only after the death of Nicholas I that the young Prince managed to become the first person in the Caucasus. The throne was occupied by his son Alexander II. The new emperor did not see “for the role of the Russian proconsul in the East” a more suitable person, except Baryatinsky. Therefore, in the summer of 1856 Baryatinsky was appointed the commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, and from 1 July 1856 “performing the duties of Vicegerent”. In the August of the same year, he became the vicegerent of the Caucasus with further promotion into a general from infantry.
From this moment the deep reforms developed inВ the Caucasus. They could be put into life only byВ such aВ brave and educated man like Prince Alexander Baryatinsky. The powers ofВ the vicegerent and personal friendship with the Emperor ofВ Russia allowed him toВ carry out any initiative, regardless ofВ the Government officials. InВ addition toВ it there were legendary military deeds ofВ the Prince. Having totally conquered the Caucasus and captured the main enemy inВ the Caucasian War Imam Shamil, Baryatinsky became aВ field marshal at the age ofВ 44. It was the highest military rank he could get. But the adventures ofВ the Prince did not end there.
There happened an unexpected thing. 45-year-old field marshal and the vicegerent of the Caucasus passionately fell in love! He loved so strongly and passionately, as it could happen only in adolescence. But he had to pay a fortune for his feeling. Not to marry one woman, he had to refuse the wealth and on the contrary to marry another one – he had to leave the post of vicegerent of the Caucasus. In May 1860 Prince Alexander departed from the Caucasus to a long vacation abroad due to his “ruined health.” This wording concealed the dramatic events of his personal life. That was a love affair!
Baryatinsky had developed a romantic relationship with the wife of one of his staff officers – Lieutenant Colonel Davydov. This young woman was the daughter of the well-known all over Tiflis Princess Mary Orbelyani. Georgian women have always conquered many men by their beauty. They attracted not only the field marshal, but even the emperor himself. The Prince had known that woman when she was a child and continued to call her just Lisa. He behaved with her like an old relative or a guardian of a little child. Baryatinsky used to tell everyone that he was taking care of her education and development of the mind, that they were reading serious books. They spent the whole evenings together. These strange pedagogical exercises were known throughout the city. A lot of rumors were spread about them.
The husband of the Princess, a man of a very limited mind, enjoyed the Field Marshal’s favor and hoped to get a place of quartermaster-general. Temporarily he was even appointed to this position. But this test revealed his weakness. When the hope to make a career was ruined, there happened a public scandal between the husband and the wife. Princess Mary ran away and disappeared into nowhere. Irritated husband became the laughingstock of the whole town. He was furious and threatened to go to St.Petersburg to seek justice. But he ended up resigning and fleeing abroad. At that time his wife and the field marshal himself were also abroad. [8]
The vicegerent, like a mountaineer kidnapped and hid his beloved Georgian princess in the place, where nobody could take her away from him according to strict Russian laws. This is what was meant by “treatment abroad”. This escape with the mistress did not suppose a quick return. The career cross was finished. Baryatinsky resigned but received it only in 1862. Outraged husband came abroad to demand satisfaction. The field marshal fought a duel for the sake of the love of the beautiful Georgian woman. For a long time that duel blocked the opportunity for Baryatinsky to return to Russia, which he badly missed.
They had lived together with Elizaveta Dmitrievna, nee Princess Orbeliani Dzhambakur-Orbeliani for almost 20В years. The Prince died inВ Geneva, but his will was toВ be buried inВ Kursk province, inВ the ancestral village ofВ Ivanovo, which was fulfilled.В [9]
As we can see, the biography ofВ this remarkable man, his temperament and nature not only allowed him toВ win on the battlefield and resolutely implement the reforms, most daring for that time (including those inВ the postal service), but also toВ undertake the steps inВ his personal life, which none ofВ his contemporaries would dare!
Prince A.I. Baryatinsky – a vicegerent and a reformer
Let’s go back to the state activity of the Prince, his role in the system of imperial power of that time. Personal correspondence of A. I. Baryatinsky and Emperor Alexander II provides a lot of information for understanding the reforms carried out at the time in the Caucasus. The letters of the considered period were included in the personal archive of Field Marshal, which after his death was handed to A.L.Zisserman, who wrote a large book on the life and work of Baryatinsky. [10]
After the revolution, the fate of the letters remained unknown. In 1966, an American researcher Alfred Rieber published a book, “The politics of autocracy”. The second part of the book is the above-mentioned letter, published retaining all the original features, including the French language. In his publication Rieber refers to the Archive of Russian and East European history and culture at Columbia University. [11]
The letters tell an interesting information about the relationship of Alexander II with Baryatinsky and are the source of information on the history of Russia’s foreign and domestic policies in the 1850—1860 and, above all, on the final stage of the Caucasian War.
Since the emperor and the vicegerent were close friends, their correspondence is personal in nature. This is evident by the way Alexander II refers to the Prince (“dear friend,” “my dear Baryatinsky”) as he passes the best wishes from his spouse and from the Empress Dowager (she died in 1860). When writing a letter in French the emperor addresses his interlocutor using polite “you”, but in Russian phrases he turns to friendly “you”.
The financial situation in the country was very difficult after the Crimean War. Alexander II constantly reminded his vicegerent about it, demanding a “wise economy” of funds and curtailment of expenses. Baryatinsky tried to do his best to fulfill this instruction of the monarch not only in military affairs but in the civilian affairs while ruling the region. Carrying out further reforms in the field of postal services he, as a vicegerent, set up a task in front of the management of the post office – to sort out the mess and to save the costs.
Unknown painter. Vicegerent inВ the Caucasus, Prince A.Baryatinsky.
The monarch approved the project ofВ the military reforms and repeatedly reminded ofВ the need toВ accelerate work on the drafting the civil part ofВ the management restructuring, which included mail service.
Being an outstanding military commander and aВ great statesman, A. Baryatinsky understood that the development ofВ communication was ofВ great importance for the Caucasus region. Mail at that time was the only means ofВ communication, and therefore its proper organization was aВ prerequisite ofВ all planned and ongoing reforms. Without clearly-established postal service no successful military operations ofВ the army as well as any civil transformation inВ the economy and social life were possible. Therefore, the vicegerent could not ignore the issues ofВ reorganization ofВ the post service inВ the Caucasus.
As it can be seen from the correspondence of Prince Baryatinsky and Emperor Alexander II, the vicegerent of the Caucasus had the most extensive powers granted to him by the law, and he had practically unlimited power of the tsar deputy in the region. Taking any decision on reorganization on the territory, trusted to hi, the vicegerent could always be sure of the support of the emperor, which was repeatedly used to solve serious financial and political issues. The Emperor used to write to him: “You decide yourself on the spot…” [12]
As soon as he was appointed a vicegerent, A.I.Baryatinsky had immediately taken the first steps to provide his full independence. On August 8, 1856, he filed a memorandum to Alexander II in which he asked to withdraw all the incomes and expenses on the Caucasus region from under the authority of the Ministry of Finance and give the vicegerent a complete freedom over them, as it was until 1840. Thus, in 16 days after his appointment the vicegerent of the Caucasus, Alexander Baryatinsky got free of the Minister’s of Finance patronage.
On April 25, 1857, the decree that regulated relations between the vicegerent of the Caucasus and the Senate was issued. Prince Baryatinsky received the right to suspend the execution of the decrees of the Senate in judicial, civil or criminal affairs in case of “local inconvenience, trouble or harm” for the Caucasus region. When the cases referring to the Caucasus came to the Senate, the Senate was deprived of the possibility to send them to the Ministry for consideration and could refer only to the vicegerent.
At the General Directorate of the vicegerent, Prince Baryatinsky established a Temporary department, where all the cases requiring new legislative measures on the issues pertaining to the different sections of the management and the development of well-being in the region were concentrated, and which was in charge of preparation and development of various projects. This department was also involved in the collection of “detailed and correct information about the status of the region, the progress made in the cases, the costs and other issues connecting with the administrative statistics of the vicariate.”
The painter A.O. Orlovsky. Troika. Military courier. 1812.
Vicar was given the highest supervision over the execution ofВ laws byВ local institutions. All the offices and officials as well as individuals located inВ the Caucasus had toВ report toВ him. The vicegerent was the chief administrator ofВ credits.
According toВ the law, the vicegerent had the right toВ expel any person from the region if such residence was recognized harmful. But they were not only individuals, who were expelled. After the victory over the mountaineers inВ the Caucasian war, the whole nations were expelled. The vicegerent was charged with supreme supervision ofВ the Muslim clergy and the spiritual establishment.В [13]
Expanding his reform efforts inВ the Caucasus Prince A.Baryatinsky immediately drew attention toВ the improvement ofВ postal services inВ the region. AВ postal service at the time urgently demanded its radical change.
ChapterВ 2. Tiflis mail ofВ the РҐIРҐ century
Postal Service ofВ the Caucasus inВ the second half ofВ the nineteenth century
After the accession ofВ Georgia toВ Russia inВ the first place it was scheduled toВ continue the construction ofВ post tract from Mozdok toВ Tiflis with the length ofВ 258В versts with the construction ofВ ten stations toВ serve the postal rush on it and one post office inВ Tiflis. But those plans were hold back byВ the scarcity ofВ funds allocated.
In 1830, to simplify and accelerate the movement of office correspondence, the Post Agency reorganized the Russian post offices. By the nominative Decree of Tsar Nicholas I to the Senate “On the new structure of the mail system” from October 22, 1830, the division of the territory of Russia into 11 postal districts was provided. (See. Table 1).
Five provincial post offices were canceled, and provincial, regional, border and foreign post offices had toВ report directly toВ the Postal Department. Georgia postal institutions were included inВ the postal district VIII.
The city of Stavropol was determined to be the seat of Postal Inspector of the district; one of his assistants had to reside in Tiflis to supervise the post offices of the Transcaucasian region. Tiflis post office was elevated to the rank of regional office with a staff of 12 people (4 sorters were added). The new “Regulation on the system of the postal unit” was put into operation since January 1, 1831.
TableВ 1. DIVISIONВ ofВ Russian territory into the postal districts inВ the first half ofВ the nineteenth century.* Since 1940. **XIII postal district was formed inВ 1851В byВ aВ nominal decree ofВ the Senate on March 4, 1851В (COR-2, SP6, 1852, t. XXVI, Department 1st, number 2500).
Further reorganization ofВ Tiflis post office is associated with the general changes made byВ the tsarist government inВ 1840В for civilian control ofВ the Transcaucasian region. According toВ the nominative decree toВ the Senate on April 10, 1840, the provinces lying between the Black and Caspian seas were toВ form Georgian-Imereti province and the Caspian region. Tiflis was determined toВ be the main city ofВ Georgia-Imereti, and Shamakhi ofВ the Caspian region. This decree came into force since January 1841. It is mentioned inВ the first chapter ofВ this book.
ByВ that time, the post offices had been established:
the regional one inВ Tiflis;
the county ones of the first class – in Baku, Erivan, Nakhichevan, Kutaisi and Redoubt-Calais;
second class – in Gori, Dushet, Ananuri, Telavi, Sngnahe, Yelizavetpol, Cuba, Derbent and Vladikavkaz.
Yamskaya rush. Postage stamp.
County post offices were to report to the regional office of Tiflis. Further, with the abolition of earlier existing establishments in Georgia and the development of administrative management in the conquered areas of the region (which coincided with the intensification of military operations in the Black Sea and on the Caucasus line) – it is natural that the role and the importance of postal services in the South Caucasus should strengthen.
ByВ the middle ofВ forties there were operating the following types ofВ postal service inВ Georgia and Tiflis:
1) Extra-mail, with which the correspondence was sent toВ the center on aВ regular basis, twice aВ week, according toВ aВ strictly determined route (St. Petersburg, Moscow, Novgorod, Tver, Tula, Voronezh provinces, the Land ofВ the Don Cossack Host, Nizhny Novgorod, Odessa and Warsaw Provinces)
2) Heavy-mail – also to the center twice a week, with the division of correspondence to other places of the empire.
3) Easy-mail – to the postal places of the Caucasus and adjacent provinces.
4) Fly-mail – to border garrisons.
5) Relay mail – abroad, Vladikavkaz, according to a special work sheet with the payment of money for postal services.
There didn’t exist any telegraph lines at that time. The first telegraph line was opened in the Caucasus between Tiflis and Poti in 1860.
The formation of new province and region in the Transcaucasian region made Postal Department change the division of Russian into postal districts. In December 1840 taking into account the peculiarities of the region, it was decided to establish a new postal district for Georgian-Imereti province and for the Caspian region. [14] All post offices of Georgian-Imereti province and the Caspian region were transferred to the newly formed Mail District XII. Tiflis was identified to be the residence of the Postal inspector of a new district, and for his assistant – Shamakhi. The Cossacks were exempted from their obligation to accompany the mail in the Caucasus. They were replaced by postmen. The responsibilities of Tiflis post office had increased. With the addition of 10 postmen to accompany the mail its staff became 22 people. Tiflis regional post office in 1841 became known as provincial one. However, the order implemented in 1840 for civilian management of the Transcaucasian region, turned out to be in many ways uncomfortable.
In 1842, when inspecting the region, it was found out that due to its remoteness and the specific local conditions, the Ministry failed to establish there a proper supervision over the introduction of a new civil management. In addition, the intervention of the Ministries in the affairs of the Transcaucasian region often weakened the authority of the local manager. The Special Committee of the Caucasus established by the decree to the Senate of April 24, 1840, was only interested in the general direction of civil affairs in the region and failed to exercise proper supervision over the activities of new institutions in the Caucasus. According to the Minister of War Knyazh A.I.Chernyshev responsible for the general management of the affairs of the Transcaucasian region, to address the difficulties encountered, it was necessary to establish a special institution in St. Petersburg, which could keep all cases on civil management in Transcaucasia, having withdrawn them from Ministry, “until all the sections will get the complete control”, that was what he wrote to the Emperor Nicholas I on August 19, 1842. [15]
A temporary department was organized according to the Decree to the Senate on August 30, 1842. At the same time Caucasian Committee was also completely reorganized. In connection with this the reorganization of the main department of the Transcaucasian region located in Tbilisi also took place. On November 12, 1842, Tsar Nicholas I approved “Mandate to the General Directorate of the Transcaucasian region”, which determined the main goal: to rapidly establish “strong civil accomplishment” in the South Caucasus This “Mandate” raised the authorities of the Chief Commander of the region up to ministerial authority, acting in place. The Ministry could apply to the institutions reporting to them which were located in the South Caucasus only through the Chief Commander. Chief Directorate of the Council composition was limited to five members: three soldiers and two civilians. Military members of the Council in addition to their common duties were obliged to supervise departmental agencies which were out of local supervision: one was made responsible for training, the other supervised the customs and the third one took care of mail. In this regard, the positions of corresponding supervisors were abolished, including the position of postal Inspector of XII postal district.
The painter Adele Ommer de Gel. Cossack picket, 40-s ofВ the XIX century.
The first member ofВ the Main Directorate ofВ the Transcaucasus region, who at the same time was managing mail department, was aВ lieutenant general and well-known Georgian poet Knyazh Alexander Chavchavadze, who came toВ this post on December 28, 1842.В [16]
Thus, in 1840 the Transcaucasian region post offices were transferred from the direct control of the Postal Department of the Empire under the jurisdiction of the Chief Executive of the Transcaucasian region. The law of 1840 stated: “… the agencies, which are subject to special control, such as customs, educational and mail agencies, are under dependence and supervision of the Chief Executive of the Transcaucasian region which relating these agencies operates on the basis of regulations and rules, in particular for each of these existing agencies.” [17]
The final withdrawal ofВ the twelfth postal district from under the control ofВ Postal Department and all the functions toВ manage all the Agencies were transferred toВ the main authorities ofВ the Transcaucasian region at the vicegerent graph M.S.Vorontsov.
In January 1845, when M. Vorontsov was appointed the vicegerent of the Caucasus, his authorities were determined by a special rescript of Nicholas I: “having laid on you, along with the title of Commander-in-chief of the troops in the Caucasus, the main command of the civil part in the region, as my vicegerent and consider it necessary, for the good of the service, to strengthen the authorities, which until now have been given to the chief superintendent of civil section, I, in my full confidence to you, command: all the cases, which according to currently existing order have to be submitted on behalf of the Chief Directorate of the Transcaucasia region to the Ministry to be solved, should be solved in place. Moreover, you are provided with an authority, when you find it necessary, to take all the measures required by the circumstances, in place, reporting to me directly all your actions, as well as the reasons these actions were caused by” [18] With this document the power of Knyazh Vorontsov was extended to the Caucasian region (later renamed in the Stavropol province by the decree to the Senate on May 2, 1847).
The vicegerent of the Caucasian region, Mikhail Vorontsov was a good administrator and a talented Russian official. He was born and brought up in England, where he received an excellent education. When he was the Head of the region postal roads were being laid and the bridges were being built. At the same time Tbilisi became a large administrative center, the city’s population increased, there appeared is a large number of beautiful new public and private buildings. All of this strongly demanded to improve postal service.
Table 2В illustrates the movement ofВ mail only for the city ofВ Tiflis inВ 1855. It shows the development ofВ the cultural needs ofВ the population ofВ the Caucasian capital, which was primarily military and bureaucratic, inВ terms ofВ coverage the city with postal services.
TableВ 2. The number ofВ sent and received correspondenceВ at the Tiflis province post office for 1855.В [19]
Interesting statistics ofВ the XIX century: inВ the late 50s for 100В inhabitants ofВ the cities ofВ the former Russian Empire there were 12,3В sent and received messages aВ year; for 100В inhabitants ofВ the city ofВ Tiflis there were 36В sent and received messages and inВ England for 100В inhabitants there were 300В messages.В [20]
AВ cardinal measure, which contributed toВ the development ofВ postal services, was the fact that postal stations ofВ Tiflis province and the city ofВ Tiflis had been withdrawn from the jurisdiction ofВ the County Police and transferred as an experiment under the management ofВ the postal authorities ofВ the Caucasus for three years. This governmental action took place on October 26, 1857.В [21]
The regional administration tried hard to facilitate the use of public postal services for the population. For example, there were declared opening and closure hours of post offices in the postal regulations of that time. But from “travelling persons, those who were not constantly living in the cities, such as neighboring landowners, farmers and roundabout residents” – letters were accepted at any inopportune time. [22]
I.I.Nazarov, appointed the member of Chief Management Board of the Trans-Caucasian Region and Manager of the postal department on January 1847, began to be called “Manager of postal department of the Caucasus and beyond the Caucasus.” In this position he replaced the Knyazh A.G.Chavchavadze. [23]
The painter Sir Robert Ker Porter. The interior ofВ Russian post station, 1813.
However, the authority given the toВ the vicegerent M. Vorontsov byВ the Tsar, had been fully used byВ him only inВ 1848В inВ the process ofВ reforms carried out inВ the post office ofВ Tiflis province.
Since the 70s of the XVIII century in Russia there formed a system of postal services and transportation of the passengers by “mail”, which was almost unchanged until the middle of XIX century. Postal relays (stations), arranged at the expense of the state, were given to the individuals to be maintained. They had to have 25 horses, 10 wagons on wheels or sled at every station, as well as all the equipment necessary for postmen and mail transportation (horse harness, suitcases, bags, saddles, uniforms of postmen). A stationmaster was also responsible for hiring postmen. Even the serfs, released on the rent by the landlord, were allowed to be hired for this tedious service. The revenues of the postal station keeper consisted of the statutory fee (12 kopecks per 10 verst’s), proceeds from the sale of food and alcoholic beverages at the post office, from the placement of travelers for the night. Everything, which concerned the work of the post office, subjected to strict state regulation.
In winter and in summer the couriers were to be driven with a speed of 12 versts an hour, and in autumn and spring – 11 verst’s an hour. Other travelers were ordered to be driven more slowly: in winter and summer – 10 v/h, and in the spring and autumn – 8 verst’s an hour. Everyone who enjoyed the services of the post office, as well as all the correspondence was recorded in a special logbook.
In the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, vigorous measures had been taken to put in order earlier considerably neglected system of postal communications and postal stations. In 1837 he visited the Caucasus and signed a decree on the construction of mail houses every 3—4 postal stations on the Caucasian tracts. Along with the intensification of the movement of postal crews, the government of Nicholas I sought to establish a permanent staff of postal employees and station keepers. On these purposes the lease period of postal stations was increased from 3 to 12 years, and the rental amount was to be determined not at the auction, but according to official estimates fixed for each post office. In Nicolas’s list of activities to improve the situation in the Russian Empire there was the item of constructing on the main road’s postal stations uniform in appearance and convenient for travelers.
A new sample of postal uniform for the postmen was introduced in the 40s: red cloth caftan with a white belt. It is worn over the ordinary dress. Peaked caps were also red. A postman wore on his chest a brass badge with the state national emblem and a strap with the horn over the shoulder. Special uniforms existed for mail conductors and coachmen. Later, in the years 1856—1857 the mail uniform was changed.
An interesting analysis ofВ the postal service was done byВ B.A.Kaminsky, who described aВ postal rush inВ the Caucasus. He gives aВ more complete understanding ofВ the need toВ reform the postal service, and aВ haste toВ issue aВ stamp ofВ Tiflis city post office.В [24]
In 1831, for the first time several postal stations were sold under the responsibility of the individuals – postal landlords. At the same time the question was raised about the management of the postal rush in the region on the same basis as in the internal provinces of Russia, and also it was mentioned that the supervision over the stations, which before was the responsibility of the heads of military guards, should be transferred to the Post Authority. At the end of 1833 there were already 90 postal stations in the region. But at these stations there were no station houses yet, and postal landlords were placed together with the Cossack posts in the huts or even in mud huts.
The uniform ofВ the postman ofВ 19th century.
The uniform ofВ the postman ofВ 19th century.
Georgia started to construct the station houses in the years 1834—1835. These houses were considered to be connected to military posts. By the nominal decree of 13 July 1830 to the sum of 80,000 rubles in silver, assigned to build these houses, a new sum of 50,000 was added.
The construction of all postal stations in Georgia ended in 1837, and the postal rush could switch completely from the Cossacks to the postal landlords. This fact made it possible to temporarily take the stations of the Transcaucasia region in the Post Office and appoint station masters for them. To reduce the costs, it was planned to have one station master for two stations – every other station.
A special situation, in which the postal rush was in the region, was finally legalized by the decree to the Senate on April 10, 1840. In the decree “The institution for the management of the Transcaucasian region” the supervision over postal rush and improved maintenance of postal stations was entrusted to the district managers through the rural police.
“The provision on the postal station management” was approved on November 18, 1842. It provided the transfer of all the stations in Russia from under the supervision of the police to under the management of the Post Authorities. But the postal stations in the Transcaucasian region remained in the same affiliation. [25]
The new system ofВ transfer ofВ the stations under private maintenance (bidding) introduced inВ the early 30-ies, received aВ greater spread since 1841, because the Cossacks were released ofВ the obligation toВ accompany the mail.
In Russia, the stations at the auction were taken under supervision by wealthy people who knew the station business and who were able to endure any difficulties – even a poor harvest of forages, mortality of horses. In the Caucasus, on the contrary, to “the trading” poor people came, among whom there usually were the merchants, who were ruined in trade, contractors who failed to find job, retired officials and other small entrepreneurs unfamiliar with the peculiarities of postal rush and with the station economy.
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